3.) Describe the growth of royal power and the development of estates in England.

-Early Middle Ages:

-fragmented political power lying in the hands of the oligarchs

-kings had little power

-landlords and the church controlled large territory, they had their own army, court, money…

-feudalism

-Flourishing period of the Middle Ages:

-economic development –> development of towns, of production, and of money economy

-monarchs could rely on a growing income, and could centralize their power

-Development of estates in England:

-William the Conqueror (1066):

-established feudalism in England (Domesday Book –> survey of land & properties that became the basis for taxation)

-Henry II (1154 – 89)

-extended the power of the royal court over the church

-T. Beckett (arcbisoph of Canterbury) didn´t want to let him do it

-established the mercanary army based on money coming from towns and cities

-John I (Lackland) (1199-1216)

-lost the French territories (of the English monarchs) –> Lackland

-his wars cost a lot –> it led to dissatisfaction –> nobles forced him to sign:

-Magna charta Libertatum (the great charter of liberties): 1215, June

-guaranteed the privilages and the rights of the nobles

-established the Royal Council (with 25 barons) to ensure that the king didn´t collect taxes from nobles, didnt make decisions without the consent of the Royal Council

-in case the king violated the agreement –> nobles had the right to oppose him

-Henry III (1216 – 1272)

-violated the agreement of Magna Charta –> nobles with the leadership of Simon de Monfort (governors) rebelled against him , and they called the first parliament together

-1265: First Parliament: upper nobility – middle nobility

-from that time on, the monarchs couldn´t collect taxes without th econsent of the Parliament

-Estate Monarchy: the estates & the monarch rule together (estate: the social groups that have the same background, economic interest and social position and act together for their common interests)