The War of Independence

I. Economy of English America

North: small farms

wheat, fruits, honey, fish

shipbuilding, cloth-making, shue-making, paper-, glass production, weapon

South: plantations

Tobacco, cotton, indigo, rice

II. The English looked at the American colonies as:

- Suppliers of raw materials

- Market for British products.

III. Acts, regulations to prevent the colonies from producing goods (Hat, Iron Act, Molasses Act).

Taxes, duties on the colonies.

IV. 1763: Royal Proclamation: forbade settlements West of the Allegheny Mountain.

1765: Stamp Act – opposition – ’taxation without representation’.

1767-70: economic boycott on British products.

1770: Stamp Act was repealed.

’Boston Massacre’

1773: ’Boston Tea Party’.

1774: First Continental Congress in Philadelphia

- Refused obedience to British acts, though they promised loyalty to the British King.

- Continued the economic boycott.

1775: Lexington (Am.Br.)

Second Continental Congress

- To prepare for war (CIC: George Washington)

War of Independence

1776, July 4: Declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson)

1777: Saratoga – Am. Victory

1778: Spain 

1779: France supported the Am.

1780: Holland 

1781: Yorktown – Am victory.

1783, Sept 3: Peace Treaty (Versaille) USA

1787: Constitution

- Separation of power: Checks and Balances

- Legislative - Congress (Senate, House of Representatives)

- Executive - President­­

- Judicial – Supreme Court

Civil War

I. Western Expansion:

(1776: Declaration of Independence

1783: Peace Treaty – USA)

1803: Louisiana purchase (France)

1819: Florida (Spain)

1845: Texas (Mexico)

1846: Oregon Territory (GB)

1848: Arizona, New Mexico, California, Nevada (Mexico)

Frontier: moving border between the civilized and wild territories.

Manifest Destiny

Monroe Doctrine

II. North  South

- Farming Plantation

- Industry Agriculture (mono-culture)

- For- Against immigration

- Production for the home market For the world market

Protectionism (tariffs) Free trade

- Strong, centralized government Loose confederation

- Republican Democrat

III. Power Relations

- 20 million 9 million people

- 22 thousand miles 9 thousand miles of railroad

- Farms food Tobacco, cotton, indigo rice

- Factories, ships, money (credit) Better army – leadership (because of the slaves)

IV. Outbreak of the Civil War

Casus belli: Nov,1860: elections Abraham Lincoln – President

Republican Party 11 southern states sceeded

Confederate States of America

1861-65: Civil War

In the beginning the Southerners were more succesful.

1863: Emancipation Proclamation

- To liberate all slaves on the territory of the rebellious states

- Gettysburg – Gettysgurg Address

Turning point

The victory of the North/Union

1865: Appomatax – Southern surrender

- The end of the war.

V. Results, outcome

- The Union was preserved.

- Slavery ended second revolution.

- 600,000 lives were lost.

The first total war in history

- The two armies + the back country were involved.

- Railroads,

- Rifles,

- Trenches,

- Fortifications.

Everybody’s war.

The war of exhaustion.